Project Team Selection Essay Example for Free

Project Team Selection EssayAs a range manager you acquire a project aggroup in most instances, therefore selecting the skills that each member on the team possess is not possible. You must wangle the most out of the team that you select been afforded and determine what skills you require to undertake project success. This paper will discuss the importance of team members and ways to utilize the skills on a project team successfully.Project Team Selection A project manager may have little to no influence on the selection of a project team, so it is important for a project manager to keep in mind team makeup can have a critical carry on on everything from task execution to establishing team dynamics that will either energize or suck the life out of a project ( TheBigRocks. com, 2010). Excuting a project plan is only as effective as the project manager and its team. Wysocki (2012) suggests that when building and recruiting an effective team, you must consider the technical sk ills as head as the critical roles and chemistry that must exist between the project manager and the team.The knowledge and technical requirements needed to produce an effective project should be understood prior to seeking out individuals who possess the skills needed (Brown, Hyer 2010). Key stakeholders of the project should be represented to ensure there are no oversights or surprises in the project, so there should be a team member available to do so. The team should excessively have the ability to work unitedly so Brown and Hyer (2010) suggests the diversity of views, expertise, perspectives and backgrounds can often develop better solutions faster than individuals working alone.Conflict resolution should be available to the team members so that if conflict arises, proper management can enhance team performance. As group size increases, communication, cohesiveness, and job satisfication may decline, while turnover, absenteeism and slacking may also increase (Brown and Hyer, 2010). It is important to consider the optimal team size for your project while ensuring the required skill sets are available. Brown and Hyer (2010) also suggests that it is important to ensure that each team member has enough time to devote to the project to ensure proper coordination of duties. ConclusionThe right project team can make or break a project. The selection process must first identify all the roles needed for the project, then identify which roles, skills, bandwidth and authority must be addressed with a specific person, talent, effort level or skill to avoid putting the entire project at risk of failure (TheBigRocks.com, 2010).

Lost and Found Essay Example for Free

Lost and Found EssayIts a story that many mountain have lived through, from one side or the other. Youre a nipper in a busy department store, tethered to your mothers side by her firm grip on your hand, your eyes constantly drawn left and right by the colorful displays. She lets go to grab something or blabber to a salesperson, and you see an exciting run or stuffed animal and run to it. afterward playing with it for a few minutes you try to walk back, but your mother is gone. First a wrap of confusion hits you, but it is quickly overcome by dread. You argon alone and preoccupied in a sea of noise and race.When great philosophers or authors talk or write of cosmos lost they shadower mean all sorts of things, but few are as visceral as the feelinging of macrocosm lost that a electric razor in a situation like that can experience. Even if theres a good chance the child is in no danger at all, the feeling of dread that accompanies feeling alone and lost in a crowded de partment store can be terrifying. Most people leave alone have their first feeling of being lost as being literally, physically lost as children, whether it is in a department store, or in a large park, or simply down the next street. It makes sense, then, to start defining what it means to be lost with the experience of a child.What about that deep, philosophical lost, though? When people say they feel lost (as opposed to being physically lost) they often are referring to mania of some sort. One way that people address alienation that serves as a good comparison is devotion. People who believe strongly in their religion will often feel like they are spiritually in place. On the other hand, if some tragedy or crisis of identity strikes, they might perfectly feel spiritually lost. The same dread that a child who cant find his mother feels in the department store can be felt by an adult who experiences a tragic accident and loses their flavor in their religion.These definitions o f lost could apply five hundred years ago equit equal as easily as they apply today. I believe, though, that every era has challenges that are unique to it, and the information age is no exception. The information age rattling is aptly named, because in todays fast-paced world we are hit with more information than any humans have ever faced. As modern people, we are constantly inundated with a flood of information everywhere we turn. Magazines and sorespapers and books and nutrition labels and billboards and television programs theyre all feeding us new information every waking moment. All these mediums pale in comparison to the true information mother lode though the internet. With computers, people gain overture to the vast majority of the worlds information at their fingertips. With the increasing popularity of internet-connected smart phones and tablet computers, though, this information is not only at our fingertips but ever at our fingertips.What does the internet have t o do with alienation and being lost? The sensory overload that Wikipedia and Youtube provide can be great for keeping people entertained, but it can also be all too easy to get lost in. Many people fill in the feeling of logging onto a computer or smart phone with a single goal in mind sending an email, perhaps, or checking the weather next week and spending not five minutes but an hour and a half, as the myriad attractions of the digital age distract them. Just like the child in the department store, people can be drawn to the colorful displays of the internet, and learn only when it is too late that they are lost.So, then, we can define (at least) three variant ways that people can be lost. thither is the physical lost not knowing where you are physically. There is also the spiritual lost not feeling at peace with your own existence. Finally, there is the information age lost being trapped, pinned beneath ever-growing piles of information that your mind will neer have ti me to process all of. All three of these forms of being lost have something in common they feel bad, but are rattling ultimately helpful.Since its been established previously that being lost is connected to being alienated, it might seem contradictory that it is actually a good thing. After all, those feelings associated with being lost hopelessness, dread, despondence are all quite uncomfortable and even painful to feel. Nobody likes to feel like they dont know where they are in life, like they are out of place. No child likes the feeling of separation from their loved ones. And certainly nobody likes to look up and realize theyve just wasted three hours of their lives theyll neer get back watching funny videos about cats on the internet. Overall, all the emotions that being lost makes people feel are negative but all the negativity serves a purpose.Without darkness, theres no light, and without being lost, theres no being lay down. Theres an old stereotype that people who ar e on a bad path in life will never be able to clean up their act until they hit the lowest possible point, and in a way getting lost can be like that. Realizing that they are lost can be the ultimate wake up call.Its easy to demonstrate how getting lost once or twice in a physical way can help someone. Going back to the example of the child in the department store, what is most likely to happen is that the child will have a harmless scare for a while and then be re-united with its mother. While in the short-term both the child and its parents will be scared, in the long-term the child will hopefully learn not to stray far from its parents in an unfamiliar place. If the person getting physically lost is an adult instead of a child, they may learn the value of being more prepared (by bringing a map on a road trip, perhaps) or even the value of asking other people for directions.Spiritual periods of being lost can be similarly helpful to a persons growth and development. Someone whos doctrine has never been tested may continue to go on acting as they do while life is easy, but if things get harder they wont know what to do. On the other hand, if someone experiences a tragedy or unexpected sheer in their life their faith might be challenged and tested. Even though they may feel horribly lost during this period, they may emerge from it with a new, stronger faith in their beliefs. On the other hand, if they find their beliefs to be lacking, they may instead have new personal revelations and growth that will lead them to a belief system that they more truly support.Getting lost in the information age is less easy to define than the more traditional ways people get lost. In many cases, people embrace the information overload and dive right in. Every day, peoples jobs and education can learn them to submerse themselves in the sea of information that is the internet. It is hard to say what the consequences of people being inundated with so much information will be. T he easy coming (and unavoidable flood) of information is a relatively new thing, that has only been around to this degree for at most a bit over a decade, so the implications have yet to be seen.What is it to be lost? There are at least a handful of answers to this question, but in the broadest terms possible, being lost is being alienated from ones surroundings. Everybody gets lost from time to time in one way or another, and that will likely never change. Getting lost can be uncomfortable and scary, but getting lost is an important part of life. Through getting lost and then conclusion themselves again, people can grow and learn more about themselves and their surroundings. So what is it to be lost? To be lost is to be in a earth of change to be lost is to be down, but coming back up, to be in trouble but in hope of being found again.

The History Of Characteristics Of Monopolistic Competition Economics Essay

The History Of Characteristics Of monopoliseric Competition Economics Essay1.0IntroductionAccording to the Dominick Salvatore (2009 p.3) microeconomic speculation is perhaps the most serious course in all economics and business programs. With it we put forward answer or understand such question as why the determine of gold rose sharply in few years why the cost of petrol rose dramatically in 2008s-2010s and declined in 2011s why the price of sugar rose in few years why the cereal rose in few years and others. By contrast, microeconomics is the admit of individual house household or fasts (business units). It focuses on particular parts of the economy. Microeconomics theory provides the tools for understanding how the other economies operate.2.0 Introduction to MonopolyAccording to the Cambridge dictionary (second edition) monopoly in microeconomics designate is when a company or organization is the only one in an atomic number 18a of business or activity and has complete comptroller of it. In merchandise structure under the monopoly there is a undivided seller and large of buyers and selling products. It have no a high access and the existence of obstacle and have no wet substitution to other vendors to enter into the market. Examples of products in monopoly market in our country ar water, electricity and local telephone services. Our kinsperson telephone services be Telekom Malaysia (TM Berhad). Obviously, Telekom Malaysia is a monopoly in market. Through this it can let us know the meaning and reason causing monopoly. Besides that, it excessively know characteristic of monopoly and how affect or effect in market structure.3.0 Characteristics of Monopoly3.1.1 private FirmUnder the monopoly single seller is that the monopoly seller is the market. The market choose for a good is the demand for the output produced by the monopoly.3.1.2 Barriers to EntryBarriers to entry is anything atomic number 18 designed which fauxly to block or preven t the entry of firms immersion a market profitably. There are some of the key barriers to entry are patents and copyrights, limit pricing, advertise, international trade restrictions and development expenditure.3.1.3 Price MakerSingle firm produces goods and have a monopoly in an entire market that means it holds a large majority of a stock. With having a large majority of a stock and a single firm makes a decision affect the price of an item in market. As a result, seller has full control over the market price.3.1.4 Unique ProductSingle firm produces unique the product and no close musical accompaniments for the product with each other.For example, there is presently no close substitute for Berita Harian, the only Malay language newspaper in Singapore.4.0 Hypothetical Demand, Total Revenue, and Marginal Revenue Faced by a MonopolistTable 4.1 Hypothetical Demand, Total Revenue, and Marginal Revenue Faced by a MonopolistFigure 4.1 Hypothetical Demand and Marginal Revenue Curves of a MonopolistSince D is a negatively sloped, MR is lower than P. The MR values are plotted at the midpoint of each quantity interval. The MR curve starts at the equivalent point as the D curve and at every point bisect the distance between D and the vertical axis. MR is positive when D is elastic. MR=0 when D is unitary elastic and TR is a maximum. MR is negative when D is inelastic.Table 4.2 short Total Cost, Marginal Cost, and Average Total CostFIGURE 4.2 Short-Run Equilibrium of the Monopolist Marginal ApproachThe best or optimum level of output of the monopolist is three units. This is given by point G, where MR=MC (and the MC curve intersects the MR curve from below). At Q=3, P=$6 (point A on the demand curve), ATC=$4.50 (point B on the ATC curve), and the monopolist earns $1.50 (AB) per unit of output exchange and $4.50in total (shaded area ABCF). At Q MC and total profits rise by increasing Q. At Q3, MCMR and total profits rise by reducing Q.5.0 SummaryCharacteristics of Monopoly are single firm, Barriers to entry high, unique product, power of firm over price and advertising. Single firm earns more profits in this display case of market structure because no close substitute product to replace it. Barrier to entry is high because want to protect the single firm in market. A firm produces the unique products to avoid others firms to produce it. Monopolist has power to control prices of the product. Last, it consists of advertising in this type of market structure.6.0 IntroductionThere are many a(prenominal) types of market structures characteristics in which will affect the price and nature competition. For example, number of buyers and sellers, product differentiation, and the ease of entry into and go past from the market. Market structures refer to the warring environment within which a firm operates. Market structures divided into quaternion basic types which is gross(a) competition, noncompetitive competition, oligopoly and monopoly.7.0 P erfect CompetitionPerfect competition is a type of market in which there are large number of buyers and sellers. The sellers sell identical or analogous products. There is also free entry and exists of the firms. Both the sellers and buyers have gross(a) intimacy of the market.7.1 Characteristics of Perfect Competition7.1.1 There are many buyers and sellers of a commodityReynolds, R. L., (2005, p.2) points out that the idealized perfect combative insures that no buyers and sellers has any power or ability to influence the price. The perfect competitive market is price takers. Each buyer buys the commodity at the price determined by the market condition.7.1.2 Homogeneous productThe product of an fabrication in which the outputs of different firms are indistinguishable compare with a nonher product. The homogeneous products are the product where the buyers could not differentiate the products of one seller to another seller.7.1.3 Perfect knowledgeIn perfect competition firms, con sumers and resource owners have perfect knowledge of all relevant prices and costs in market. No buyers to pay more a price of the product higher than the prevailing price. Similarly, sellers will not luck or charge a price higher or lower than the prevailing price. Advertisement has no scope in this type of market.7.1.4 Resources are perfect mobilityThis means that inputs or resources are free to move in market. Firms can enter or leave the industry in the long run without a good deal difficultly. That is, there are no artificial barriers like copy rights and trademark or natural barriers such as huge capital requirements to entry into and exit from the industry.7.2 Monopolistic CompetitionIn monopolistic competitions there are contains many sellers but the products are differentiated. Many sellers produce products are similar but not identical. There are following features of monopolistic competition.7.3 Characteristics of Monopolistic competition7.3.1 Differentiated productsDif ferentiated products are products that are similar but not identical and the products are close substitutes products with each other. Sellers cannot set their prices of the products very different from each other. In physical differentiation is through remainders in design, material, color and others. Further differentiation of a particular product may be based entirely on some seller location of his shop, kind of service they provide and fair dealing.7.3.2 adult number of firmsUnder monopolistic competition there is contains a big number of firms satisfying the market demand of the product. These firms do not produce perfect substitutes but the products which are relatively close substitute for each other. For instance, in soft drink industry, the prices for a can of 330 ml soft drink score among several brands on market today such as Pepsi, Sarsi and Cola-cola7.3.3 No barriers to entry and exitFirms can also and leave a monopolistically competitive industry. The monopolistic el ement arises from product differentiation. For example, if MAS wants to become a company top 10 in international airline system, this firm must find some difference in term of quality of service or facility equipment are provided by the firm.7.4 OligopolyAccording to the Dominick Salvatore 5-edition Principles of Microeconomics (2009, p.330) oligopoly is the form of market organization in which there are few firms of a homogeneous or differentiated product.3.5 Characteristics of Oligopoly3.5.1 Few numbers of large firmsThe firms are few but the size of firms is large. Few firms control boilers suit the market to ensure few number of large firms have a fair amount of market. For example of the oligopoly is Proton and Perodua.3.5.2 InterdependenceEach firm under the oligopoly is can affect the market, making each firms choices dependent on the choices of the other firms. So, they are interdependence.3.5.3 Barriers to entryOligopoly is meaning only few firms in the industry with barri ers to the entry of new firms. Firms recognize their mutual dependence.3.5.4 advertising and selling costsThe firms want to increase a greater share in the market and to maximize sale. So, this firm will expend more money on advertisement and other sale promotion. Advertising and selling cost are playing an important role in this type of market structure.3.5.1 Homogeneous and differentiate products3.5.2 Homogeneous Product Oligopoly. In market, industries produce intermediate products and sent to other different industries for manufacturing their products. For examples of the homogeneous products are steel and aluminum industries.3.6.2 Differentiate Product OligopolyProducts manufactured in these markets are for personal consumption. For example of the differentiate product oligopoly is beer, breakfast cereals, detergents, soaps, computers and others.3.7 MonopolyMonopoly is a single seller and sell the product is unique. Thus, in market structure there are many buyers and selling t he product and there are no close substitutes with each other. For example that gave by Dominick Salvatore (2009, p.287) The Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) is a classic example of how a monopoly was created and maintained for almost 50 years. The monopoly was created in the tardy nineteenth century when Alcoa acquired a patent on the method to remove oxygen from bauxite to obtain aluminum.3.8 Characteristics of Monopoly3.8.1 Singer seller in the marketThere are no close substitutes of the product in the market and no more other competitors in the market. Monopolist can control or affect price is evidence of its monopoly power.3.8.2 Lack of competitionUnder the monopoly in market structure there are lacks of competition because there are no close substitute products in market.4.0 SummaryThe characteristic of market which is classified as one of four market models are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. Perfect competition consists of many sell ers and buyers of a commodity, homogeneous products, perfect knowledge, and resources are perfect mobility and no ability to control over the price of a product. Monopolistic competition is involved a large number of firms, differentiated products, no barriers to entry and exit and using advertising to shift demand. Oligopoly which is consist a few number of large firms, interdependence, barriers to entry, advertising and selling costs and homogeneous and differentiate products. Last, monopoly includes of singer seller, lack of competition, unique product and imperfect knowledge.In question 2 the various characteristics between the four types of market structures which are Perfect Competition, Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly and Monopoly have been discussed. These four types of market structure are different characteristics and it will affect the nature or artificial of competition and the price of the product. The figure 6 is shows about the differentiation of the characteristi cs of the following market structure.Market structurePerfect competitionMonopolistic competitionOligopolyMonopoly event of producersManyManyFewOneType of productStandardizedDifferentiatedStandardized or differentiatedUnique productPower of firm over priceNoneSomeSomeConsiderableBarriers to entryLowLowHighVery highNon-price competitionNoneAdvertising and product differentiationAdvertising and product differentiationAdvertisingExamplesParts of agriculture are reasonable closePepsiComputer, oilTelekom

Accessing The Deep Web Computer Science Essay

Accessing The Deep Web Computer Science EssayThe World Wide Web has grown from few jet weave pages in 1993 to al nigh 2 billion weathervane pages at present. It is a big source of in relieve oneselfation sharing. This source of information is available in different forms text, images, audio, video, tables etc. People use this information via meshwork browsers. Web browser is an application to browse sack on internet. Search railway locomotives ar utilise to hunt club specific data from the pool of heterogeneous information 1. In the rest of this chapter I will how people crumb search relevant information, how search engine works, what a flunkey is, how it works, and what related literature about the particular problem is.SEARCH ENGINEA search engine is a class to search for information on the internet. The results against a search doubtfulness given by user atomic number 18 presented in a list on a net page. Each result is a link to some wind vane page that contains th e specific information against the given research. The information can be a blade page, an audio or video file, or a multimedia document. Web search engines work by storing information in its database. This information is amass by quailing each link on a given web site. Google is considered a most powerful and heavily used search engine in these days. It is a large scale general purpose search engine which can crawl and advocator millions of web pages every day 7. It cans a good start for information retrieval plainly may be insufficient to manage complex information inquiries those requires some extra knowledge.WEB wrigglerA web wriggler is a computer program which is use to browse the World Wide Web in a automatic and taxonomical manner. It browses the web and save the visited data in database for future use. Search engines use creeper to crawl and index the web to make the information retrieval faint and efficient 4.A conventional web sycophant can only retrieve com e forward web. To crawl and index the hidden or deep web requires extra effort. Surface web is the portion of web which can be indexed by conventional search engine 11. Deep or hidden web is a portion of web which cannot be crawled and indexed by conventional search engine 10.DEEP WEB AND DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO DISCOVER ITDeep web is a part of web which is not part of surface web and lies back HTML forms or the dynamic web 10. Deep web content can be classified into following formsDynamic Content this is a type of web contents which are accessed by submitting some input value in a form. Such openhearted of web requires domain knowledge and without having knowledge, navigating is very hard.Unlinked Content These are the pages which are not linked in another(prenominal) pages. This occasion may pr outlet it from crawling by search engine.Private Web These are the sites which require registration and login information.Contextual Web These are the web pages which are varying for di fferent access context.Limited Access Content These are site which limit its access to their pages.Scripted Content This is a portion of web which is only accessible through links produced by JavaScript as well as content dynamically invoke by AJAX functions.Non-HTML/ Text Content The textual contents which are encoded in images or multimedia files cannot handled by search engines.6All these create a problem for search engine and for public because a lot of information is invisible and a common user of search engine even dont know that might be the most important information is not accessible by him/her just because of above properties of web applications. The Deep Web is also believed that it is a big source of structured data on the web and retrieving it is a big challenge for data management community. In fact, this is a myth that deep web is ground on structured data which is in fact not true because deep web is a significant source of data most of which is structured except not only one. 8.Researchers are trying to find out the way to crawl the deep web content and they have succeeded in this regard but still at that place are a lot of future research problems. One way to search deep web content is domain specific search engine or vertical search engine such as worldwidescience.org and science.org. These search tools are providing a link to national and international scientific databases or portals 7. In literature there are two other techniques to crawl the deep web content Virtual Integration and come up. The virtual consolidation is used in vertical search engine for specific domains like cars, books, research work etc. In this technique a mediator form is created for each domain and semantic mappings between individual data and mediator form. This technique is not suitable for standard search engine because creating mediator forms and mappings woo very high. Secondly, indentifying queries relevant to each domain is a big challenge and the last is that information on web is about everything and boundaries cannot be clearly defined. Surfacing uses a technique to pre-calculate the most relevant input value for all appealing HTML forms. The URLs resulting from these form submission are produced off-line and indexed like a normal URL. When user query for a web page which is in fact a deep web content, search engine automatically stuff the form and show the link to user. Google uses this technique to crawl deep web content. This technique is unable to surface scripted content 5. Today most web applications are AJAX establish because it reduced the surfing effort of user and entanglement traffic 12, 14. Gmail, yahoo mail, hotmail and Google maps are famous AJAX applications. The major goal of AJAX based applications is to fire the user experience by running client code in browser instead of refreshing the page from server. The second goal is to reduce the network traffic. This is achieved by refreshing only a part of page fro m server 14. AJAX has its own limitations. AJAX applications refresh its content without changing URL which is a worm for crawler because crawlers are unable to identify new state. It is like a single page web site. So, it is essential to explore some mechanism to make AJAX crawl-able. To surface the web contents those are only accessible through JavaScript as well as contents behind URLs dynamically downloaded from web server via AJAX functions 5, there are different hurdles those are pr resolution the web to expose in front of crawlersSearch engines pre-cache the web site and crawl locally. AJAX applications are event based so events cannot be cached.AJAX applications are event based so there may be several events that lead to the akin state because of equal underlying JavaScript function is used to provide the content. It is necessary to identify redundant states to optimize the crawling results 14.The entry point to the deep web is a form. When a crawler finds a form, it needs to guess the data to fill out the form 15, 16. In this situation crawler needs to react like a human. in that location are many a(prenominal) solutions to resolve these problems but all have their limitations. Some application developer provides custom search engine or they expose web content to traditional search engine based on agreement. This is a manual solution and requires extra contribution from application developers 9. Some web developers provide vertical search engine on their web site which is used to search specific information about their web site. There are many companies which have two interfaces of their web site. One is dynamic interface for users convenient and one is alternate static view for crawlers. These solutions only discover the states and events of AJAX based web content and ignore the web content behind AJAX forms. This research work is going to propose solution to discover the web content behind AJAX based forms. Google has proposed a solution but stil l this project is undergone 9.The process of crawling web behind AJAX application becomes more complicated when a form encounters and crawler needs to identify the domain of the form to fill out the data in form to crawl the page. Another problem is that no form has the same structure. For example, a user looking for a car finds different kind of form than a user looking for a book. Hence there are different form schemas which make reading and understanding of form more complicated. To make the forms crawler read-able and understand-able, the whole web should be classified in subatomic categories, each category belongs to a different domain and each domain has a common form schema which is not possible. There is another approach, cogitate crawler. Focused crawlers try to retrieve only a subset of the pages which contains most relevant information against a particular topic. This approach leads to better indexing and efficient meddlesome than the offshoot approach 17. This approa ch will not work in some situations where a form has a parent form. For example, a student fills a registration form. He/she enters country name in a field and next combo dynamically load city names of that particular country. To crawl the web behind AJAX forms, crawler needs special functionality.CRAWLING AJAXTraditional web crawlers discover new web pages by starting from known web pages in web directory. Crawler examines a web page and extracts new links (URLs) and then follows these links to discover new web pages. In other lyric poem, the whole web is a directed graph and a crawler traverse the graph by a traversal algorithm 7. As mentioned above, AJAX based web is like a single page application. So, crawlers are unable to crawl the whole web which is AJAX based. AJAX applications have a series of events and states. Each event is act as an edge and states act as nodes. Crawling states is already done in 14, 18, but this research is left the portion of web which is behind AJAX forms. The focus of this thesis is to crawl web behind AJAX forms.INDEXINGIndexing means creating and managing index of document for making searching and accessing desired data weak and fasting. The web indexing is all about creating indexes for different web sites and HTML documents. These indexes are used by search engine for making their searching fast and efficient 19. The major goal of any search engine is to create database of larger indexes. Indexes are based on organized information such as topics and names that serve as entry point to go directly to desired information within a corpus of documents 20. If the web crawler index has enough space for web pages, then those web pages should be the most relevant to the particular topic. A good web index can be maintained by extracting all relevant web pages from as many different servers as possible. Traditional web crawler takes the following approach it uses a modified breadth-first algorithm to ensure that every server has at least one web page represented in the index. Every time, when a crawler encounters a new web page on a new server, it retrieves all its pages and indexes them with relevant information for future use 7, 21. The index contains the key words in each document on web, with pointers to their locations within the documents. This index is called an inverted file. I have used this strategy to index the web behind AJAX forms. doubtfulness PROCESSERQuery processor processes query entered by user in order to match results from index file. User enters his/her request in the form of a query and query processor retrieves some or all links and documents from index file that contains the information related to the query and present to the user in a list of results 7, 14. This is a simple interface that can find relevant information with ease. Query processors are normally built by breadth first search which make sure that every single server containing relevant information has many web pages repres ented in the index file 17. This kind of design is important for users, as they can usually navigate within a server more easily that navigating across many servers. If a crawler discovers a server as containing useful data, user will possibly be able to search what they are searching for. Review this after implementing query processor in my thesis.RESULT COLLECTION AND PRESENTATIONSearch results are displayed to user in the form list. The list contains the URLs and words those matches to the search query entered by user. When user make a query, query processor match it with index, find relevant match and display all them in result page 7. There are several result collection and representation techniques are available. One of them is grouping similar web pages based on the rate of occurrence of a particular key words on different web pages 15. Need a reviewCHAPTER 3SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGNCHAPTER 4EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTSCHAPTER 5FUTURE WORKCHAPTER 6CONCLUSION

Phases of Liquid Crystals

Phases of fluid watch crystallizingsIntroduction to runniness CrystalsA fluidness crystal is a thermodynamic stable figure characterized by anisotropy of properties Without the existence of a three-dimensional crystal lattice, generally lying in the temperature Range between the unanimous and isotropic runniness phase, consequently the term mesophase. crystal clear crystal materials argon unique in their properties and uses. As research into this field Continues and as new applications atomic number 18 developed, facile crystals will play an important section in Modern technology. This tutorial provides an introduction to the science and applications of these materials.The term suave crystal signifies a give tongue to of aggregation that is intermediate between the liquified solid and the amorphous liquid. As a rule a substance in this state is strongly anisotropic some of its properties and yet video introductions a certain microscope stage of fluidity, which i n some teddy may be comparable to that of an ordinary liquid. The first observations of liquid crystalline or mesomorphic behaviour were made towards the goal of the last century by reinitzer and lehmann.What be liquifiable Crystals?Liquid crystal materials generally lay down several parkland attributes. Among these atomic number 18 a rodlike molecular(a) structure, rigidness of the long axis, and strong dipole and/or easily polarizable substituents. A dipole is present when we open two equal electric or magnetised charges of opposite sign, separated by a small quad. In the electric case, the dipole moment is given by the product of one charge and the distance of separation. Applies to charge and current distributions as well. In the electric case, a displacement of charge distribution produces a dipole moment, as in a speck.The distinguishing characteristic of the liquid crystalline state is the tendency of the tinges (mesogens) to point along a common axis, called the director (the molecular direction of preferred orientation in liquid crystalline mesophases). This is in contrast to molecules in the liquid phase, which have no intrinsic order. In the solid state, molecules be highly ordered and have midget translational freedom. The characteristic orientational order of the liquid crystal state is between the traditional solid and liquid phases and this is the origin of the term mesogenic state, used synonymously with liquid crystal state. Note the average alignment of the molecules for each phase in the followers diagram.A mesogen is rigid rodlike or disclike molecules which argon components of liquid crystalline materials. It is sometimes difficult to go over whether a material is in a crystal or liquid crystal state. Crystalline materials demonstrate long cat periodic order in three dimensions. By definition, an isotropic (Having properties that argon the same regardless of the direction of measurement. In the isotropic state, all directi ons are selfsame(a) from each other)liquid has no orientational order. Substances that arent as ordered as a solid, yet have some degree of alignment are properly called liquid crystals.Liquid Crystal PhasesLiquid crystal phases are formed by a wide variety of molecules.They open fire be divided into two classes, thermo tropic and allotropic. Transitions to thermotropic phases are initiated by substitutes in temperature, while those to lyotropic phases can in like manner be initiated by changes in concentration.Thermotropic PhasesThermotropic liquid crystals can generally be formed by watermelon-shaped (calamitic) molecules or oblate (discotic) molecules.Liquid crystal phases formed by calamitic molecules fall into three different categories nematic, chiral nematic, and smectic.Nematic Liquid Crystal PhaseThe simplest liquid crystal phase is called the nematic phase (N). It is characterized by a high degree of long range orientational order but no translational order. Molecules in a nematic phase ad libitum order with their (for calamitic molecules) long axes roughly parallel. Schematic diagram of a nematic liquid crystalA uniformly aligned nematic has a preferred direction, much depict in terms of a unit vector called the director. More generally a bulk nematic will contain domains. The orientation of the director is constant in each domain but is different in different domains. Viewed under a polarizing microscope the defect regions linking these domains appear as dark threadsChiral Nematic Liquid Crystal PhaseChiral molecules can also form nematic phases called chiral nematic (or cholesteric) phases (N*). This phase shows nematic ordering but the preferred direction rotates through and throughout the sample. The axis of this rotation is normal to the director.An example of this is shown in Fig (b). The distance over which the director rotates by 360 is called the chiral pitch and is generally of the order of hundreds of nanometres, the wavelength of visible light. A non-chiral nematic phase can be thought of as a chiral nematic with an infinite pitch. Fig (b).Smectic Liquid Crystal PhasesSmectic phases have further degrees of order compared to the nematic phase. In the simplest smectic phase, the smectic-A (SmA) phase, the molecules order into layers, with the layer normal parallel to the director. Within the layers, liquid like structure remains, as shown in Fig. 1.3.Closely related to the SmA phase is the smectic-C (SmC) phase. Here the molecules form a layer structure but the long axes of the molecules, and hence the director, lies at an list to the layer normal, as shown in Fig. 1.4. There are many other smectic phases which have long range order within the layers Smectic phases can also be formed by chiral molecules, jumper leading to chiral smectic phases.Discotic Liquid Crystal PhasesLiquid crystal phases formed by discotic molecules fall into three different categories discotic nematic, discotic chiral nematic, and co lumnar.The discotic nematic is exchangeable in structure to the calamitic nematic, although in this case the short axes of the molecules tend to lie parallel. The same holds for the discotic chiral nematic phases.Columnar phases are the discotic equivalent of the smectic phase. Here the molecules form columns. In the simplest case the short axes of the molecules lie parallel to the axis of the column and the columns are randomly distributed in space. More complicated discotic phases exist, where the short molecular axes lie at an angle to the column and translational order exists between the columns, analogous to the more complicated smectic phases.Other Thermotropic PhasesMost of the phases exhibited by low molecular mass liquid crystals are described above. Recently however there has been much interest in the so-called banana phases formed by bent-core moleculessome(a) of these phases are chiral although the molecules forming them are achiral.Some high molecular mass polymers, li quid crystalline polymers (LCP), can also form liquid crystal phases.These fall into two categories depending on where the mesogenic part of the molecule is located. If the mesogenic unit is contained within the main polymer chain then it is termed a main chain liquid crystal polymer (MCLCP).These fall into two categories depending on where the mesogenic part of the molecule is located. If the mesogenic unit is contained within the main polymer chain then it is termed a main chain liquid crystal polymer (MCLCP).Lyotropic Liquid Crystal PhasesLyotropic liquid crystal phases are formed by amphiphilic molecules.These often consist of a polar head group attached to one or more non-polar chains and are often known as surfactants (surface active agents).A schematic is shown in Fig. 1.5. When these are dissolved in an appropriate solvent they self-assemble so the polar (hydrophilic) heads protect the non-polar (hydrophobic) tails. These structures are known as micelles.At low surfactant co ncentrations these are roughly spherical, as shown in Fig. 1.6. As the surfactant Concentration increases then other phases are formed.These include the hexagonal phase where the amphiphiles form cylinders that pack in a hexagonal array and the lamellar phase where the amphiphiles form a bilayer structure.Structure-Property Relationships in Liquid Crystals disrespect this there exists only a poor understanding of how changes in molecular structure affect material properties. For liquid crystals this is complicated by several factors.Firstly, liquid crystal phases are formed by materials from the whole spectrum of chemical classes organic, organometallic, and biological molecules can all form liquid crystal phases.Secondly, mesogenic molecules are generally quite a large. A typical low mass mesogen will have from about 40-100 atoms. For liquid crystalline polymers and dendrimers this can be closer to a few curtilage atoms. Liquid crystals tend to be flexible. This inhibits crystal lization, preventing the direct transition from an isotropic liquid to a crystalline solid. It also leads to a large degree of conformational freedom, so properties are generally determined by more than just the equilibrium structure.Finally liquid crystal molecules often contain disparate parts (such as alkyl and perfluoroalkyl chains) that can have a large effect on the phase behaviour.Investigation of these factors by experimental or theoretical means should hopefully lead to a better understanding of structure-property relationships in liquid crystals.In principle the relationship between molecular structure and macroscopic properties can be investigated through the synthesis of series of similar mesogenic compounds. This however can be time consuming and may involve many difficult and expensive syntheses. Thus, the ability to determine the properties of a molecular structure before synthesis would be desirable. It is here that simulations can play an important role. Simulations on general molecular models can be used to find features that can lead to a particular property or phase.Atomistic simulations can be used to determine material properties of a particular molecular structure.Chemical Properties of Liquid CrystalsLiquid crystals can be classified into two main categories thermotropic liquid crystals, And lyotropic liquid crystals. These two types of liquid crystals are distinguished by the mechanisms that drive their self-organization, but they are also similar in many ways. Thermotropic transactions occur in most liquid crystals, and they are defined by the fact that the transitions to the liquid crystalline state are induced thermally. That is, one can arrive at the Liquid crystalline state by raising the temperature of a solid and/or lowering the temperature of a Liquid.Thermotropic liquid crystals can be classified into two types enantiotropic liquid crystals, Which can be changed into the liquid crystal state from either lowering the temperatur e of a Liquid or raising of the temperature of a solid, and monotropic liquid crystals, which can only be Changed into the liquid crystal state from either an increase in the temperature of a solid or a Decrease in the temperature of a liquid, but not both. In general, thermotropic mesophases occur Because of anisotropic dispersion forces between the molecules and because of packing Interactions.In contrast to thermotropic mesophases, lyotropic liquid crystal transitions occur with the Influence of solvents, not by a change in temperature. Lyotropic mesophases occur as a result of Solvent-induced aggregation of the constituent mesogens into micellar structures. Lyotropic mesogens are typically amphiphilic, meaning that they are composed of both lyophilic (solventattracting) And lyophobic (solvent-repelling) parts. This causes them to form into micellar structures in the presence of a solvent, since the lyophobic ends will stay together as the lyophilic ends extend outward toward the solution. As the concentration of the solution is increased and The solution is cooled, the micelles increase in size and eventually coalesce. This separates the newly formed liquid crystalline state from the solvent.A very large number of chemical compounds are known to exhibit one or several liquid crystalline phases. Despite significant differences in chemical composition, these molecules have some common features in chemical and fleshly properties. There are two types of thermotropic liquid crystals discotics and rod-shaped molecules. Discotics are flat disc-like molecules consisting of a core of adjacent aromatic rings. This allows for two dimensional columnar ordering. formed molecules have an elongated, anisotropic geometry which allows for preferential alignment along one spatial direction. The rod-like low molar mass (LMM) liquid crystals, such as 5CB shown in the following Diagram require an extended conformation of the molecule which must be maintained through the rigi dityand linearity of its constituents. That is, in order for a molecule to display the characteristics of a liquid crystal, it must be rigid and rod-shaped. This is accomplished by the interconnection of two rigid cyclic units. The interconnecting group should cause the resulting compound to have a linear planar conformation. Linking units containing multiple bonds such as -(CH=N)-, -N=N-, -(CH=CH)n-, -CH=N-N=CH-, etc. are used since they restrict the freedom of rotation. These groups can conjugate with phenylene rings, enhancing the anisotropic polarizability. This increases the molecular length and maintains the rigidity.Applications of Liquid CrystalsLiquid crystal technology has had a major effect many areas of science and engineering, as well as device technology. Applications for this exceptional kind of material are still being discovered and continue to provide effective solutions to many different problems.Liquid Crystal DisplaysThe most common application of liquid crysta l technology is liquid crystal displays (LCDs.) This Field has grown into a multi-billion dollar industry, and many significant scientific and Engineering discoveries have been made.Liquid Crystal ThermometersAs demonstrated earlier, chiral nematic (cholesteric) liquid crystals reflect light with a wavelength equal to the pitch. Because the pitch is dependent upon temperature, the excuse reflected also is dependent upon temperature. Liquid crystals make it possible to accurately gauge temperature just by looking at the color of the thermometer. By mixing different compounds, a device for a good deal any temperature range can be built. The mood ring, a popular novelty a few years ago, took advantage of the unique ability of the chiral nematic liquid crystal. More important and practical applications have been developed in such diverse areas as medicine and electronics. Special liquid crystal devices can be attached to the skin to show a map of temperatures. This is useful because o ften physical problems, such as tumors, have a different temperature than the surrounding tissue. Liquid crystal temperature sensors can also be used to find bad connections on a circuit board by detecting the characteristic high temperatureOptical ImagingAn application of liquid crystals that is only now being explored is optical imaging and recording. In this technology, a liquid crystal cell is pose between two layers of photo conductor. Light is applied to the photoconductor, which increases the materials conductivity. This causes an electric field to develop in the liquid crystal corresponding to the Intensity of the light. The electric purpose can be transmitted by an electrode, which enables the Image to be recorded. This technology is still being developed and is one of the most promising Areas of liquid crystal research.Other Liquid Crystal ApplicationsLiquid crystals have a multitude of other uses. They are used for nondestructive mechanicalTesting of materials under st ress. This technique is also used for the visualization of RF (radio frequency) waves in waveguides. They are used in medical applications where, for example, transient pressure transmitted by a walking break up on the ground is measured. Low molar mass (LMM) liquid crystals have applications including erasable optical disks, full color electronic slides for computer-aided drawing (CAD), and light modulators for color electronic imaging. As new properties and types of liquid crystals are investigated and researched, these materials are sure to gain increasing importance in industrial and scientific applications.

Phantom Towers: Reconstructing the Normal Essay -- Personal Narrative

Phantom Towers Reconstructing the Normal Every night before going to bed I used to stare at Manhattan at its best. The pontifical buildings with the lights on give you the impression of diamonds laid on black velvet. It is such a treat to stick out on the 26th floor, to not have the suffocate sight of walls and windows obstructing the view.But the scenery has changed drastically since September 11th. White smoke was everywhere. At night the smoke became even more apparent with the shine of the pipe bowl lights at Ground Zero that aided the workers making it through the night. From my window you would not pay attention to the buildings that survived the attack, your eyes could not leave that spot where the fume and light were glowing. In the same way you see a hurricane from a distance, its dimension, its movement, its strength in the same way you could see that spot on the atomic number 82 of Manhattan where light hit the tiny molecules of dust giving an eerie impression of dea th and spirits.The word debris was in the news, in my neighbors mouths, in the press simply I couldnt think of debris per se, people were scorched to death. The Twin Towers became a crematory of innocents. The souls of the deceased were roaming about before going to the other world, the after-life. No number the distance, you could see that uncanny cloud even from New Jersey.I stood at my window for hours, hoping to see the black smoke turn to white a intimately signal that fire was being extinguished. For a moment, I saw it happening and felt relieved. But the sudden and unexpected surrender of the towers after those agonizing hours fill up me with disbelief for I knew I was witnessing thousands of deaths, as John Updike describes the tragic scene.The follow... ... Professor Gilbert explains, it is what one does with time. I wonder how long this country can live in the fallacy of predictable and understandable normalcy while seeing a world that is neither.Works CitedFilling th e Void. The New York Times Magazine 23 Sept. 2001 80.Gilbert, Kathleen R. What is Grief? 2 Jan. 1997. 9 Dec. 2001. <http//www.indiana.edu/hperf558/sprng97/unit1.html.Kearls Guide to the Sociology of Death. Kearls Guide to Sociological Thanatology. 9 Dec. 2001. <http//www.trnity.edu/mkearl/death.html.Longaker, Christine. The Normal Process of Mourning.Spiritual Care Program. 9 Dec. 2001. <http//www.spcare.org/practices/suddendeath/bereavement- processofmourning.html.Updike, John. Reflection. New Yorker. 24 Sept. 2001. 11 Nov. 2001. <http//www.newyorker.com/THE_TALK_OF_THE_TOWN/?01092ta_talk_wtc.

Euripides Medea Essay example -- Medea Euripides Essays

Euripides MedeaMedea is the tragic tale of a charr scorned. It was written in431 B.C. by the Greek playwright, Euripides. Eruipides was thefirst Greek poet to suffer the fate of so many of the greatmodern writers rejected by most of his contemporaries (herarely win first prize and was the favorite target for thescurrilous humor of the comic poets), he was universally admiredand revered by the Greeks of the centuries that followed hisdeath(Norton Anthology). Euripides showed his interest inpsychological science in his many go throughing portraits of women (WorldBook). Euripides choice of women support characters such as thenurse and the utter is imperative to the magnification ofMedeas emotions. The very fact that the nurse and chorus arefemale deepens Medeas sadness, impassions her anger, and makesthe crime of killing her own children all the more heinous.Medeas state of mind in the beginning of the play is thatof hopelessness and self pity. Medea is twain woman andforeigner tha t is to say, in terms of the audiences prejudiceand practice she is a representative of the two free born groupsin Athenian society that had nigh no rights at all (NortonAnthology 739). Euripides could not flip chosen a moredowntrodden role for Medea. Here is this woman who has stood byher man through densely and thin. She has turned her back on herfamily and killed her own brother while helping Jason capture theGolden Fleece.Oh my father Oh, my country In what dishonor I unexpended you, killing my own brother for it.(Medea 164-165)Despite all of her devotion to her husband he has fallen in lovewith someone new, Glauke. The Nurse and the Chorus understandand sympathize with Medea as only other women could. Euripidesdevelops the heart of Medeas character by the sympatheticalapproach of the Nurse....calling out on her fathers name,And her land, and her home betrayed when she came away withA man who straightway is determined to dishonor her.Poor creature, she has discovered by her sufferings What it means to one not to have lost ones own country.(Medea 31-35)The Chorus are sympathetic to Medeas heartache also, and offer amore simple and acceptable approach to help Medea deal with hertroubles.Suppose your man gives honorTo another womans bed.It often happens. Dont be hurt.... ...And when I have ruined the whole of Jasons house, I shall leave the land and flee from the murder of myDear children, and I shall have done a dreadful deed.(Medea 775-780)The killing of Glauke and Kreon loses implication with theChorus who are dreadfully anticipating the harm of Medeaschildren. Euripides uses a female chorus to signify the atrocityof a mother killing her own children. The Chorus no longersympathizes with Medea, yet still blames Jason for the eventswhich have taken place. You too, O wretched bridegroom, making your match withkings,You do not see that you bringDestruction on your children...(Medea 964-966)Euripides role of female characters to sympathize withMedeas h eartache in the beginning, and magnify the unscrupulousmurder of her children in the end is brilliant. The reason forthe female support is evident. If the Nurse or Chorus had been amale servant or a mixed crowd in society the plot of the playwould have been lost. Medea is a woman suffering from a brokenheart, and it seems only fair that she be given sympathy andjudgment from peers who can relate. Hell hath no fury like thatof a woman scorned