Phases of Liquid Crystals

Phases of fluid watch crystallizingsIntroduction to runniness CrystalsA fluidness crystal is a thermodynamic stable figure characterized by anisotropy of properties Without the existence of a three-dimensional crystal lattice, generally lying in the temperature Range between the unanimous and isotropic runniness phase, consequently the term mesophase. crystal clear crystal materials argon unique in their properties and uses. As research into this field Continues and as new applications atomic number 18 developed, facile crystals will play an important section in Modern technology. This tutorial provides an introduction to the science and applications of these materials.The term suave crystal signifies a give tongue to of aggregation that is intermediate between the liquified solid and the amorphous liquid. As a rule a substance in this state is strongly anisotropic some of its properties and yet video introductions a certain microscope stage of fluidity, which i n some teddy may be comparable to that of an ordinary liquid. The first observations of liquid crystalline or mesomorphic behaviour were made towards the goal of the last century by reinitzer and lehmann.What be liquifiable Crystals?Liquid crystal materials generally lay down several parkland attributes. Among these atomic number 18 a rodlike molecular(a) structure, rigidness of the long axis, and strong dipole and/or easily polarizable substituents. A dipole is present when we open two equal electric or magnetised charges of opposite sign, separated by a small quad. In the electric case, the dipole moment is given by the product of one charge and the distance of separation. Applies to charge and current distributions as well. In the electric case, a displacement of charge distribution produces a dipole moment, as in a speck.The distinguishing characteristic of the liquid crystalline state is the tendency of the tinges (mesogens) to point along a common axis, called the director (the molecular direction of preferred orientation in liquid crystalline mesophases). This is in contrast to molecules in the liquid phase, which have no intrinsic order. In the solid state, molecules be highly ordered and have midget translational freedom. The characteristic orientational order of the liquid crystal state is between the traditional solid and liquid phases and this is the origin of the term mesogenic state, used synonymously with liquid crystal state. Note the average alignment of the molecules for each phase in the followers diagram.A mesogen is rigid rodlike or disclike molecules which argon components of liquid crystalline materials. It is sometimes difficult to go over whether a material is in a crystal or liquid crystal state. Crystalline materials demonstrate long cat periodic order in three dimensions. By definition, an isotropic (Having properties that argon the same regardless of the direction of measurement. In the isotropic state, all directi ons are selfsame(a) from each other)liquid has no orientational order. Substances that arent as ordered as a solid, yet have some degree of alignment are properly called liquid crystals.Liquid Crystal PhasesLiquid crystal phases are formed by a wide variety of molecules.They open fire be divided into two classes, thermo tropic and allotropic. Transitions to thermotropic phases are initiated by substitutes in temperature, while those to lyotropic phases can in like manner be initiated by changes in concentration.Thermotropic PhasesThermotropic liquid crystals can generally be formed by watermelon-shaped (calamitic) molecules or oblate (discotic) molecules.Liquid crystal phases formed by calamitic molecules fall into three different categories nematic, chiral nematic, and smectic.Nematic Liquid Crystal PhaseThe simplest liquid crystal phase is called the nematic phase (N). It is characterized by a high degree of long range orientational order but no translational order. Molecules in a nematic phase ad libitum order with their (for calamitic molecules) long axes roughly parallel. Schematic diagram of a nematic liquid crystalA uniformly aligned nematic has a preferred direction, much depict in terms of a unit vector called the director. More generally a bulk nematic will contain domains. The orientation of the director is constant in each domain but is different in different domains. Viewed under a polarizing microscope the defect regions linking these domains appear as dark threadsChiral Nematic Liquid Crystal PhaseChiral molecules can also form nematic phases called chiral nematic (or cholesteric) phases (N*). This phase shows nematic ordering but the preferred direction rotates through and throughout the sample. The axis of this rotation is normal to the director.An example of this is shown in Fig (b). The distance over which the director rotates by 360 is called the chiral pitch and is generally of the order of hundreds of nanometres, the wavelength of visible light. A non-chiral nematic phase can be thought of as a chiral nematic with an infinite pitch. Fig (b).Smectic Liquid Crystal PhasesSmectic phases have further degrees of order compared to the nematic phase. In the simplest smectic phase, the smectic-A (SmA) phase, the molecules order into layers, with the layer normal parallel to the director. Within the layers, liquid like structure remains, as shown in Fig. 1.3.Closely related to the SmA phase is the smectic-C (SmC) phase. Here the molecules form a layer structure but the long axes of the molecules, and hence the director, lies at an list to the layer normal, as shown in Fig. 1.4. There are many other smectic phases which have long range order within the layers Smectic phases can also be formed by chiral molecules, jumper leading to chiral smectic phases.Discotic Liquid Crystal PhasesLiquid crystal phases formed by discotic molecules fall into three different categories discotic nematic, discotic chiral nematic, and co lumnar.The discotic nematic is exchangeable in structure to the calamitic nematic, although in this case the short axes of the molecules tend to lie parallel. The same holds for the discotic chiral nematic phases.Columnar phases are the discotic equivalent of the smectic phase. Here the molecules form columns. In the simplest case the short axes of the molecules lie parallel to the axis of the column and the columns are randomly distributed in space. More complicated discotic phases exist, where the short molecular axes lie at an angle to the column and translational order exists between the columns, analogous to the more complicated smectic phases.Other Thermotropic PhasesMost of the phases exhibited by low molecular mass liquid crystals are described above. Recently however there has been much interest in the so-called banana phases formed by bent-core moleculessome(a) of these phases are chiral although the molecules forming them are achiral.Some high molecular mass polymers, li quid crystalline polymers (LCP), can also form liquid crystal phases.These fall into two categories depending on where the mesogenic part of the molecule is located. If the mesogenic unit is contained within the main polymer chain then it is termed a main chain liquid crystal polymer (MCLCP).These fall into two categories depending on where the mesogenic part of the molecule is located. If the mesogenic unit is contained within the main polymer chain then it is termed a main chain liquid crystal polymer (MCLCP).Lyotropic Liquid Crystal PhasesLyotropic liquid crystal phases are formed by amphiphilic molecules.These often consist of a polar head group attached to one or more non-polar chains and are often known as surfactants (surface active agents).A schematic is shown in Fig. 1.5. When these are dissolved in an appropriate solvent they self-assemble so the polar (hydrophilic) heads protect the non-polar (hydrophobic) tails. These structures are known as micelles.At low surfactant co ncentrations these are roughly spherical, as shown in Fig. 1.6. As the surfactant Concentration increases then other phases are formed.These include the hexagonal phase where the amphiphiles form cylinders that pack in a hexagonal array and the lamellar phase where the amphiphiles form a bilayer structure.Structure-Property Relationships in Liquid Crystals disrespect this there exists only a poor understanding of how changes in molecular structure affect material properties. For liquid crystals this is complicated by several factors.Firstly, liquid crystal phases are formed by materials from the whole spectrum of chemical classes organic, organometallic, and biological molecules can all form liquid crystal phases.Secondly, mesogenic molecules are generally quite a large. A typical low mass mesogen will have from about 40-100 atoms. For liquid crystalline polymers and dendrimers this can be closer to a few curtilage atoms. Liquid crystals tend to be flexible. This inhibits crystal lization, preventing the direct transition from an isotropic liquid to a crystalline solid. It also leads to a large degree of conformational freedom, so properties are generally determined by more than just the equilibrium structure.Finally liquid crystal molecules often contain disparate parts (such as alkyl and perfluoroalkyl chains) that can have a large effect on the phase behaviour.Investigation of these factors by experimental or theoretical means should hopefully lead to a better understanding of structure-property relationships in liquid crystals.In principle the relationship between molecular structure and macroscopic properties can be investigated through the synthesis of series of similar mesogenic compounds. This however can be time consuming and may involve many difficult and expensive syntheses. Thus, the ability to determine the properties of a molecular structure before synthesis would be desirable. It is here that simulations can play an important role. Simulations on general molecular models can be used to find features that can lead to a particular property or phase.Atomistic simulations can be used to determine material properties of a particular molecular structure.Chemical Properties of Liquid CrystalsLiquid crystals can be classified into two main categories thermotropic liquid crystals, And lyotropic liquid crystals. These two types of liquid crystals are distinguished by the mechanisms that drive their self-organization, but they are also similar in many ways. Thermotropic transactions occur in most liquid crystals, and they are defined by the fact that the transitions to the liquid crystalline state are induced thermally. That is, one can arrive at the Liquid crystalline state by raising the temperature of a solid and/or lowering the temperature of a Liquid.Thermotropic liquid crystals can be classified into two types enantiotropic liquid crystals, Which can be changed into the liquid crystal state from either lowering the temperatur e of a Liquid or raising of the temperature of a solid, and monotropic liquid crystals, which can only be Changed into the liquid crystal state from either an increase in the temperature of a solid or a Decrease in the temperature of a liquid, but not both. In general, thermotropic mesophases occur Because of anisotropic dispersion forces between the molecules and because of packing Interactions.In contrast to thermotropic mesophases, lyotropic liquid crystal transitions occur with the Influence of solvents, not by a change in temperature. Lyotropic mesophases occur as a result of Solvent-induced aggregation of the constituent mesogens into micellar structures. Lyotropic mesogens are typically amphiphilic, meaning that they are composed of both lyophilic (solventattracting) And lyophobic (solvent-repelling) parts. This causes them to form into micellar structures in the presence of a solvent, since the lyophobic ends will stay together as the lyophilic ends extend outward toward the solution. As the concentration of the solution is increased and The solution is cooled, the micelles increase in size and eventually coalesce. This separates the newly formed liquid crystalline state from the solvent.A very large number of chemical compounds are known to exhibit one or several liquid crystalline phases. Despite significant differences in chemical composition, these molecules have some common features in chemical and fleshly properties. There are two types of thermotropic liquid crystals discotics and rod-shaped molecules. Discotics are flat disc-like molecules consisting of a core of adjacent aromatic rings. This allows for two dimensional columnar ordering. formed molecules have an elongated, anisotropic geometry which allows for preferential alignment along one spatial direction. The rod-like low molar mass (LMM) liquid crystals, such as 5CB shown in the following Diagram require an extended conformation of the molecule which must be maintained through the rigi dityand linearity of its constituents. That is, in order for a molecule to display the characteristics of a liquid crystal, it must be rigid and rod-shaped. This is accomplished by the interconnection of two rigid cyclic units. The interconnecting group should cause the resulting compound to have a linear planar conformation. Linking units containing multiple bonds such as -(CH=N)-, -N=N-, -(CH=CH)n-, -CH=N-N=CH-, etc. are used since they restrict the freedom of rotation. These groups can conjugate with phenylene rings, enhancing the anisotropic polarizability. This increases the molecular length and maintains the rigidity.Applications of Liquid CrystalsLiquid crystal technology has had a major effect many areas of science and engineering, as well as device technology. Applications for this exceptional kind of material are still being discovered and continue to provide effective solutions to many different problems.Liquid Crystal DisplaysThe most common application of liquid crysta l technology is liquid crystal displays (LCDs.) This Field has grown into a multi-billion dollar industry, and many significant scientific and Engineering discoveries have been made.Liquid Crystal ThermometersAs demonstrated earlier, chiral nematic (cholesteric) liquid crystals reflect light with a wavelength equal to the pitch. Because the pitch is dependent upon temperature, the excuse reflected also is dependent upon temperature. Liquid crystals make it possible to accurately gauge temperature just by looking at the color of the thermometer. By mixing different compounds, a device for a good deal any temperature range can be built. The mood ring, a popular novelty a few years ago, took advantage of the unique ability of the chiral nematic liquid crystal. More important and practical applications have been developed in such diverse areas as medicine and electronics. Special liquid crystal devices can be attached to the skin to show a map of temperatures. This is useful because o ften physical problems, such as tumors, have a different temperature than the surrounding tissue. Liquid crystal temperature sensors can also be used to find bad connections on a circuit board by detecting the characteristic high temperatureOptical ImagingAn application of liquid crystals that is only now being explored is optical imaging and recording. In this technology, a liquid crystal cell is pose between two layers of photo conductor. Light is applied to the photoconductor, which increases the materials conductivity. This causes an electric field to develop in the liquid crystal corresponding to the Intensity of the light. The electric purpose can be transmitted by an electrode, which enables the Image to be recorded. This technology is still being developed and is one of the most promising Areas of liquid crystal research.Other Liquid Crystal ApplicationsLiquid crystals have a multitude of other uses. They are used for nondestructive mechanicalTesting of materials under st ress. This technique is also used for the visualization of RF (radio frequency) waves in waveguides. They are used in medical applications where, for example, transient pressure transmitted by a walking break up on the ground is measured. Low molar mass (LMM) liquid crystals have applications including erasable optical disks, full color electronic slides for computer-aided drawing (CAD), and light modulators for color electronic imaging. As new properties and types of liquid crystals are investigated and researched, these materials are sure to gain increasing importance in industrial and scientific applications.

Phantom Towers: Reconstructing the Normal Essay -- Personal Narrative

Phantom Towers Reconstructing the Normal Every night before going to bed I used to stare at Manhattan at its best. The pontifical buildings with the lights on give you the impression of diamonds laid on black velvet. It is such a treat to stick out on the 26th floor, to not have the suffocate sight of walls and windows obstructing the view.But the scenery has changed drastically since September 11th. White smoke was everywhere. At night the smoke became even more apparent with the shine of the pipe bowl lights at Ground Zero that aided the workers making it through the night. From my window you would not pay attention to the buildings that survived the attack, your eyes could not leave that spot where the fume and light were glowing. In the same way you see a hurricane from a distance, its dimension, its movement, its strength in the same way you could see that spot on the atomic number 82 of Manhattan where light hit the tiny molecules of dust giving an eerie impression of dea th and spirits.The word debris was in the news, in my neighbors mouths, in the press simply I couldnt think of debris per se, people were scorched to death. The Twin Towers became a crematory of innocents. The souls of the deceased were roaming about before going to the other world, the after-life. No number the distance, you could see that uncanny cloud even from New Jersey.I stood at my window for hours, hoping to see the black smoke turn to white a intimately signal that fire was being extinguished. For a moment, I saw it happening and felt relieved. But the sudden and unexpected surrender of the towers after those agonizing hours fill up me with disbelief for I knew I was witnessing thousands of deaths, as John Updike describes the tragic scene.The follow... ... Professor Gilbert explains, it is what one does with time. I wonder how long this country can live in the fallacy of predictable and understandable normalcy while seeing a world that is neither.Works CitedFilling th e Void. The New York Times Magazine 23 Sept. 2001 80.Gilbert, Kathleen R. What is Grief? 2 Jan. 1997. 9 Dec. 2001. <http//www.indiana.edu/hperf558/sprng97/unit1.html.Kearls Guide to the Sociology of Death. Kearls Guide to Sociological Thanatology. 9 Dec. 2001. <http//www.trnity.edu/mkearl/death.html.Longaker, Christine. The Normal Process of Mourning.Spiritual Care Program. 9 Dec. 2001. <http//www.spcare.org/practices/suddendeath/bereavement- processofmourning.html.Updike, John. Reflection. New Yorker. 24 Sept. 2001. 11 Nov. 2001. <http//www.newyorker.com/THE_TALK_OF_THE_TOWN/?01092ta_talk_wtc.

Euripides Medea Essay example -- Medea Euripides Essays

Euripides MedeaMedea is the tragic tale of a charr scorned. It was written in431 B.C. by the Greek playwright, Euripides. Eruipides was thefirst Greek poet to suffer the fate of so many of the greatmodern writers rejected by most of his contemporaries (herarely win first prize and was the favorite target for thescurrilous humor of the comic poets), he was universally admiredand revered by the Greeks of the centuries that followed hisdeath(Norton Anthology). Euripides showed his interest inpsychological science in his many go throughing portraits of women (WorldBook). Euripides choice of women support characters such as thenurse and the utter is imperative to the magnification ofMedeas emotions. The very fact that the nurse and chorus arefemale deepens Medeas sadness, impassions her anger, and makesthe crime of killing her own children all the more heinous.Medeas state of mind in the beginning of the play is thatof hopelessness and self pity. Medea is twain woman andforeigner tha t is to say, in terms of the audiences prejudiceand practice she is a representative of the two free born groupsin Athenian society that had nigh no rights at all (NortonAnthology 739). Euripides could not flip chosen a moredowntrodden role for Medea. Here is this woman who has stood byher man through densely and thin. She has turned her back on herfamily and killed her own brother while helping Jason capture theGolden Fleece.Oh my father Oh, my country In what dishonor I unexpended you, killing my own brother for it.(Medea 164-165)Despite all of her devotion to her husband he has fallen in lovewith someone new, Glauke. The Nurse and the Chorus understandand sympathize with Medea as only other women could. Euripidesdevelops the heart of Medeas character by the sympatheticalapproach of the Nurse....calling out on her fathers name,And her land, and her home betrayed when she came away withA man who straightway is determined to dishonor her.Poor creature, she has discovered by her sufferings What it means to one not to have lost ones own country.(Medea 31-35)The Chorus are sympathetic to Medeas heartache also, and offer amore simple and acceptable approach to help Medea deal with hertroubles.Suppose your man gives honorTo another womans bed.It often happens. Dont be hurt.... ...And when I have ruined the whole of Jasons house, I shall leave the land and flee from the murder of myDear children, and I shall have done a dreadful deed.(Medea 775-780)The killing of Glauke and Kreon loses implication with theChorus who are dreadfully anticipating the harm of Medeaschildren. Euripides uses a female chorus to signify the atrocityof a mother killing her own children. The Chorus no longersympathizes with Medea, yet still blames Jason for the eventswhich have taken place. You too, O wretched bridegroom, making your match withkings,You do not see that you bringDestruction on your children...(Medea 964-966)Euripides role of female characters to sympathize withMedeas h eartache in the beginning, and magnify the unscrupulousmurder of her children in the end is brilliant. The reason forthe female support is evident. If the Nurse or Chorus had been amale servant or a mixed crowd in society the plot of the playwould have been lost. Medea is a woman suffering from a brokenheart, and it seems only fair that she be given sympathy andjudgment from peers who can relate. Hell hath no fury like thatof a woman scorned

Aeneid :: essays research papers

The Greek and Roman spirit influenced the book Aeneid in many ways. Virgil made Aeneas behavior such that he was fully qualified to be called a Roman hero. Aeneas reflected very few Greek traits. He was very much the "Roman hero."Greek heroes were very different from Roman heroes. Will Durant, author of Caesar and messiah says, "It (the Aeneid) would also show the role of Roman character in these achievements and seek to make ancient virtues popular, it would picture its hero as reverent of the gods and guided by them and would fall in as Augusta reformation of morals and faith" (239).Greek heroes were well rounded. Greeks would study music, dancing, rhetoric, philosophy, mathematics, physical training, and military science. Studying rhetoric, philosophy, and mathematics made Greeks more(prenominal) useful citizens. The Greeks two main beliefs were know thyself, and zero in excess. Greeks strove for arete. According to Hastings "arete is excellence". Roman heroes were considered great because of their achievements on the battle field. Even though the Roman and Greek minds are greatly different they have a few similarities. Both the Romans and Greeks had 1polis. They did, however, have different translations of home. The one thing remains continuous is that they would both risk their lives to reach home. Aeneas had to risk his life to journey from Troy to reach Italy where Rome was established. To the Romans, the state had to be placed above ones needs. The Greek definition of home is more family. Both the Roman and the Greeks respected and feared their gods. Aeneas had gods helping and hindering him. The goddess Juno was Aeneas enemy. Juno often interfered with Aeneas life. Juno tried to prevent Aeneas from reaching his goal. Aeneas goal was to establish Rome. The Greeks believed that anything that was pointless was akin punishment. Like the Greeks, the Romans could see little sense in doing something that had no definite conclusi on.As said before, Greeks had a strong dedication to their city-state. Aeneas had to reach Italy where Rome was established. Greeks believed in nothing in excess. This is shown in the Aeneid when Aeneas and his crew landed on the island, they found a Greek who was accidentally left behind. Instead of killing him, Aeneas treated him fairly. Aeneas showed self-control.Romans preferred war. It was in their nature to fight. They were raised to battle. Romans were not well rounded, their main or only study growing up was physical training and military science.

Mc Donald’s Customer Service Essay -- Business Management Assignment E

McDonalds node ServiceINTRODUCTIONTo complete this denomination I slang to look into node return bywriting a report on a chosen communication channel. The business I have chosen forthis is Mc Donalds.In 1974, McDonalds opened its first restaurant in the UK. Today, morethan 2.7 million people in this country place their trust inMcDonalds every day - trust the Company to provide them with foodof a high standard, quick service and value for m wizardy.Customer service is very measurable to the McDonalds because it saysthat they care about their nodes. Customer service very importantand vital part of any organisation, which is selling goods, or servicebecause it exists to satisfy customers... Good customer service entrust start you new and keep old customers but if you have bad customerservice this go forth make customers unhappy and they will stop visitingyou and the business will not have new customers.McDonalds operates in a very competitive market. It generally keepsits pri ces within a harmonious range to its competition. WhatMcDonalds can do to is to makes its self-different from itscompetitors (in a better way) is to exceed customer service. Thecustomer service and food preparation areas contain original equipmentused in the days when fresh potatoes were peeled, sliced, color andfried milkshake mix and syrup were whipped up on the Multi-mixersCoca-Cola and root beer were drawn from a barrel, and orangeade fromthe orange bowl.The company utilise just under 49 000 people and over 19 000 morewere employed by the McDonalds franchise. (I copied this informationfrom McDonalds fact file 2001). By the end of 2000 in that respect was 1, 232McDonalds restaurants operating in UK... ...very standardized pizza shops this will benefit both consumer and the business people will buy more and business will rack up more revenue.* They should have one of those club card this will also benefit both consumers will be getting discount and business will get re peated business. general I think that their customer service in head office is verygood.On the January16th 2002 I phoned the customer service and requested a school-age child pack next day I received it. But when I phoned Ford I had towait over a week and this showed me how good the customer service inMcDonalds is.BibliographyAVCE Business Studies Customer service book from college library.http//www.mcdonalds.co.uk/McDonalds student pack 2001 UK head office of McDonalds The corporate personal business department.McDonalds restaurant limitWebsite www. McDonalds.co.uk Mc Donalds Customer Service Essay -- Business Management Assignment EMcDonalds Customer ServiceINTRODUCTIONTo complete this assignment I have to investigate customer service bywriting a report on a chosen business. The business I have chosen forthis is Mc Donalds.In 1974, McDonalds opened its first restaurant in the UK. Today, morethan 2.7 million people in this country place their trust inMcDonalds e very day - trusting the Company to provide them with foodof a high standard, quick service and value for money.Customer service is very important to the McDonalds because it saysthat they care about their customers. Customer service very importantand vital part of any organisation, which is selling goods, or servicebecause it exists to satisfy customers... Good customer service willbring you new and keep old customers but if you have bad customerservice this will make customers unhappy and they will stop visitingyou and the business will not have new customers.McDonalds operates in a very competitive market. It generally keepsits prices within a compatible range to its competition. WhatMcDonalds can do to is to makes its self-different from itscompetitors (in a better way) is to exceed customer service. Thecustomer service and food preparation areas contain original equipmentused in the days when fresh potatoes were peeled, sliced, blanched andfried milkshake mix and syrup were whip ped up on the Multi-mixersCoca-Cola and root beer were drawn from a barrel, and orangeade fromthe orange bowl.The company employed just under 49 000 people and over 19 000 morewere employed by the McDonalds franchise. (I copied this informationfrom McDonalds fact file 2001). By the end of 2000 there was 1, 232McDonalds restaurants operating in UK... ...very like pizza shops this will benefit both consumer and the business people will buy more and business will gain more revenue.* They should have one of those club card this will also benefit both consumers will be getting discount and business will get repeated business.Overall I think that their customer service in head office is verygood.On the January16th 2002 I phoned the customer service and requested astudent pack next day I received it. But when I phoned Ford I had towait over a week and this showed me how good the customer service inMcDonalds is.BibliographyAVCE Business Studies Customer service book from college libra ry.http//www.mcdonalds.co.uk/McDonalds student pack 2001 UK head office of McDonalds The corporate affairs department.McDonalds restaurant limitedWebsite www. McDonalds.co.uk

mathew shepard :: essays research papers

I think that Mathew Shepard was a true person. That stupid church guy that said gays are evil, Matts in hell, and stuff like that are the evil people. Its not evil to be gay. wholly that stuff religious people say about gays is nothing that really is true. The religious people take in everything that the rule book says about everything so hard. The bible wasnt even written by god.The people that beat Matthew up were just raised to hate gays. Its not right to kill a gay person for hitting on you, and thats not even what it sounded like. Sounds like there were just being stupid. They sounded like they were just doing it for fast bullion or something. Knowing that someone would do such a thing isnt that great. It feels like this world is full of hate. Bin Ladin, the Matthew Shepard thing, and the list goes on. The real designer I think stuff like this goes on is because people arent raised right and the parents expose the bad stuff, and thats why a atomic reactor of people kill. Thats what I think caused Matthew Shepards death. The parents were not very good if the kids took drugs and killed and beat people up.The aids thing didnt surprise me. alone my life Ive been t honest-to-goodness from various places that 1 in 5 gay men have aids. First I heard about it in shallow in sixth grad I think. Then I hear it on the radio. Then I hear it on the TV.Matthew Shepard seemed like a good person. Doesnt have bad habits as far as I saw. The incident made me think of how people use the word gay or fag. I have used those words a lot. I used them in the sense of stupid and ahole. When I was mad thats what I would say. You jackpott help saying it. You hear it all the time. I never used it to offend a gay person. I heard at my old school millions of times. I dont think Ill use that word any more.

Essay --

The task of defining what a religion is, is certainly not an easy task. For countless millennia human existence has worshipped a pantheon of deities whether that is the Sun as seen within ancient Aztec culture or whether that is the God of the Hebrews. Therefore a definition of what is Religion must be accessible and far encompassing as it seems it must address a myriad of beliefs which differ in scope. The three definitions I have chosen in order to analyse focus primarily on the disposition of the Belief within a religion. For example Marx saw Religion as a nitty-gritty of enslavement in order to maintain the status quo through the im realmiality of an ideology which maintained absolute equilibrium leading to stagnation and thus a lack of change. Thus the belief in a religion is simply the reaction of the oppressed to offer them a shade of comfort in a heartless world. Tylor focused upon the notion of belief as defining religion, in that Religion itself is formulated by primiti ve man explaining what he did not get a line by giving all things Animas to explain what they could not understand. He claims belief in spiritual beings to be Animism and that mankind has carried the resultant ignorance. Feuerbachs definition is certainly thought-provoking as his definition of God being a construct of Man, rather than traditional vice versa. Feuerbach as with Tylor and Marx, focus on the nature of belief within religion, I have chosen this as I would prefer to focus upon the belief of religion, rather than the practice due in part to Freuds insistence the practice of religion is a neurosis which has spread through the generations, and also as I would prefer to be able to make up comparisons between the three definitions with the nature of belief being a funda... ... primitive man could not understand, and as such are of the result of the ignorance of early society. Tylor wherefore argues that the idea of a belief in a God or Gods is the result of the survival Re ligion surviving, Tylor claims that Religious survival is due to some being guilty of limiting and relying on an outdated custom whilst science can explain away such phenomena away. This explanation is difficult to categorise, as it is certainly a sociological explanation, as well being anthropological and psychological. Studies analysed by Keleman have identified that children seem to identify some objects in a similar order of Tylors animism in that things are given morality positive or negative based on the likelihood of causing harm to the child. This could be render supporting Tylors argument that through knowledge such things become more than good or bad.